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助焊剂在PCB行业中应用广泛,其质量直接关系到电子行业的整个生产过程和产品质量。随着RoHS和WEEE指令的实施,无铅对助焊剂性能有了更高的要求,助焊剂已经从传统的松香型发展到无卤素、无松香、无清洁、低固含量,其成分也相应发生了变化,各种成分之间的相互作用使助焊剂性能更好。
<!--[if!支持列表]-->1、
<!--[endif]-->焊剂的基本组成
1.通量国内外es通常由活化剂、溶剂、表面活性剂和特殊组分组成,包括缓蚀剂、抗氧化剂、成膜剂等。
焊剂各成分的作用焊接金属工件表面有氧化物、灰尘和其他污垢,阻碍了工件基体金属与焊料之间以原子态的扩散,因此必须去除氧化物以暴露干净的金属基体,但清洁金属基体表面的原子会在大气中立即被氧化,在焊接温度下氧化速率更快。因此,在焊接过程中添加助焊剂,以帮助提供无氧化物的金属表面,并保持这些无氧化物的表面,直到焊料焊接到金属表面。同时,在焊剂的化学作用下,它在焊接温度下与焊接金属表面的氧化物结合形成液态化合物,使焊接金属部分表面的金属原子和熔融焊料的原子相互扩散,从而实现焊接连接。在焊接过程中,助焊剂还促进了焊料的流动和扩散,通过减少表面不均匀性来影响焊料扩散方向上焊料表面张力的平衡。
理想的助焊剂除了化学活性外,还应具有良好的热稳定性、附着力、膨胀力、电解活性、环境稳定性、化学官能团及其反应性能、流变性能、对一般清洗溶液和设备的适应性等。助焊剂的上述效果是通过活化剂、溶剂、表面活性剂和其他成分的作用来实现的。
2.活化剂的作用机理活化剂的主要作用是在焊接温度下去除焊盘和焊料表面的氧化物,形成保护层,防止基板再次氧化,从而提高焊料和焊盘之间的润湿性。助熔剂活化剂的成分通常包括氢气、无机盐、酸和胺及其化合物组成。
3.氢气、无机盐氢气和无机盐(如氯化亚锡、氯化锌[1]、氯化铵[2]等)利用其还原性与气体焊剂中的氢气等氧化物反应,焊接后唯一的残留物是水;此外,氢气的还原可以有效地去除金属表面的氧化物,并将氧化物转化为水。MxOy+yH[UNK]=xM+yH[UNK]O。同时,氢气还为金属表面提供保护气体,防止焊接完成前金属表面再次氧化。
4.有机酸酸活性剂(如卤代酸、羧酸、磺酸)主要是由于H⁺与氧化物的反应,如[3]:有机酸的羧基和金属离子以金属皂的形式去除焊盘和焊料的氧化膜:
CuO+2RCOOH→Cu(RCOO)₂水
然后,有机酸铜分解,吸收氢气,产生有机酸和金属铜:
使用(RCOO)。₂+H₂+M→2RCOOH+M-Cu树脂按分子式表示为C₁H₉COOH,由于羧基的存在,在一定温度下具有一定的助熔作用;同时,松香是一种大分子多环化合物,具有一定的成膜性,在焊接过程中传递热量并起到覆盖作用,可以保护金属在去除氧化膜后不被再次氧化。现在有单一的有机酸作为激活剂,混合酸作为激活器。这些酸的沸点和分解温度存在一定差异,因此通量活化剂的分解温度分布在较大的范围内。
5.有机卤化物,如羧酸卤化物、有机胺的氢卤化物。张银雪[4]使用溴化水杨酸作为活化剂,在钎焊温度下,它可以热分解溴化氢和水杨酸,溶解基体金属表面的氧化物。此外,水杨酸的羟基和羧基在钎焊过程中可以与JH树脂反应形成聚合物树脂膜,覆盖焊点表面。有机胺的卤化氢,如盐酸苯胺,在焊接过程中与基材的铜反应,产生CuC1和铜络合物。所得的铜化合物主要与熔融焊料中的锡反应形成金属铜,金属铜立即熔化到焊料中,通过这些反应和焊料中铜的熔化,焊料分布在铜板上。反应如下[5]:Cu+2C₆H₅NH₂·HCl→CuCl+2C₆H₅NH₂+H[UNK]CuCl[UNK]+2C₆H₅NH₂·HCl→Cu[C₆H₅NH 3]₂Cl₄
6.有机胺和酸用于有机胺本身所含氨基-NH₂的复合用途,添加有机胺可以提高焊接效果。为了减少焊剂对铜板的腐蚀作用,可以在配制的焊剂中加入一定量的缓蚀剂,缓蚀剂通常是有机胺。有机酸和有机胺会发生中和反应,产生的中和产物不稳定,在焊接温度下会迅速分解,再生有机酸和机胺,从而保证有机酸的原始活性,焊接后,剩余的有机酸会被有机胺中和,从而降低残余物的酸度,减少腐蚀。因此,添加有机胺不仅可以调节助焊剂的酸度,还可以使焊点有光泽,在不降低助焊剂活性的情况下最大限度地减少焊后腐蚀[6]。目前,将具有强润湿能力的有机胺和有机酸结合使用更为合适。例如,薛舒曼等人在专利[7]中引入了脂肪族二元酸、芳香酸或氨基酸作为助焊剂的活性成分。此外,在焊剂中加入少量甘油不仅有助于焊剂的储存稳定性,还有助于活化剂发挥其活性。张明玲在助焊剂中加入二溴琥珀酸、二溴丁烯二醇和二溴苯乙烯,以提高助焊剂的活性[8]。羧酸(包括二羧酸)在低温下具有中等活性,其高温活性显著提高。活性较高的是卤化氢或有机磷、磺酸、有机胺(包括肼)的有机酸;卤化物及其取代酸的活性大小取决于它们的特定结构。
7.其他成分的作用助焊剂还含有许多其他有用的成分。溶剂的主要功能是将各组分溶解在助熔剂中,作为各组分的载体,使助熔剂变成均匀的粘性液体。一般来说,醇类、酯类、醇醚类、烃类、酮类等。高沸点的酒精具有良好的保护作用,但粘度大,使用不便;低沸点的醇粘度低,但保护性差,因此可以考虑混合醇[9][10]。通常,它是高沸点和低沸点醇的混合物,有些使用水溶性醇和水不溶性醚作为溶剂[11]。李维浩使用了一种具有超支化结构、平均分子量为2000的水溶性聚合物作为助熔剂载体,超支化聚合物的分子构型不仅可以提高聚合物的热分解温度,还可以降低聚合物的粘度,增强聚合物的渗透和润湿性能[12]。表面活性剂的主要作用是降低焊剂的表面张力,增加焊剂对焊料粉末和焊盘的润湿性。
与Sn-Pb(63-37)相比,无铅焊料(如SAC 3O5等)具有更高的熔点、更大的表面张力、高温下的长加工时间以及快速冷却过程中产生的较大内应力,因此表面活性剂在提高无铅焊料互连的可靠性方面发挥着更突出的作用。它们可以是非离子表面活性剂、阴离子表面活性剂和阳离子表面活性剂,两性表面活性剂以及氟化表面活性剂。
缓蚀剂一般是吡咯类,如苯并三唑(BTA),是一种对铜非常有效的缓蚀剂,其添加可以抑制焊剂中活性剂对铜板的腐蚀。苯骈三唑被认为与铜反应形成不溶性聚合物的沉淀膜。根据化学分析和X射线分析,王伟科认为该膜的经验式为BTA₄Cu 3 Cl₂·H[UNK]和(BTA[UNK]Cu)CuCl·H₂O,聚合物表面和铜金属是平行的,这是非常稳定的。BTA在Cu₂O层上比在CuO层上更容易形成,薄膜的厚度几乎是CuO层的两倍。当BTA的浓度大于10⁻³mol/L时,可以很好地抑制铜的腐蚀[9]。
抗氧化剂的主要功能是防止焊料氧化,通常是酚类(对苯二酚、邻苯二酚、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚)、抗坏血酸及其衍生物等。特别是在水溶性助焊剂中,抗氧化剂是必不可少的。F·J.Jasky在焊剂中添加了多核芳香族化合物,当加热形成惰性气氛并防止氧化时,这些化合物会释放N₂[13]。成膜剂选用碳氢化合物、醇类和油脂,它们通常具有良好的电性能,在室温下起保护膜的作用,不活泼,在200°C~300°C的焊接温度下显示活性,具有无腐蚀和防潮的特点。
表面活性剂在提高无铅焊料互连的可靠性方面发挥着重要作用,未来可以开发出更多用于无铅焊料的高性能表面活性剂。鉴于不同类型表面活性剂的特点,通过分子设计或复合使用,可以开发出润湿性更好、表面张力更低的表面活性剂
触变剂的主要作用是赋予焊膏一定的触变性能,即焊膏的粘度在受力状态下变小,有利于焊膏的印刷,印刷后,其粘度在无力状态下增加,以保持固有形状,防止焊膏坍塌。增稠剂(也称为增粘剂)的主要功能是增加助焊剂的粘度,使焊膏具有一定的粘度,便于粘贴待焊接的组件。界面化合物生长抑制剂:金属间化合物(IMCs)存在于焊盘铜表面形成的合金涂层中,其成分和厚度决定了装配焊缝的可焊性。例如,Cu 3 Sn和Cu 2 Sn是在热空气整平中形成的,前者的焊接性较差,后者的焊接性较好,最浅的焊料层是最好的焊接;在Sn-Pb(63-37)中,由于共晶合金Sn/Pb的覆盖,其IMC的厚度较小;在无铅焊料中,通常会添加其他金属(例如SN100CL中的Ni或Co)来影响IMC层的厚度[14];在熔剂中,经常加入草酸、2-氨基苯甲酸、喹啉、喹啉-2-甲酸等。这些化合物可以在焊料和基板之间的界面处形成界面化合物沉积层,这抑制了焊料和基板间的原子扩散,从而阻碍了金属间化合物的生长。
在溶剂方面,现有的混合醇方法是一种有效的解决方案,但随着技术的发展,可能需要找到更理想的溶剂或溶剂组合。根据目前对溶剂作用的认识,理想的溶剂应确保组分溶解并提供适当的粘度,同时具有更好的环保性和稳定性。
2、
改进方法
1.微胶囊化方法为了减少活性剂酸性物质引起的腐蚀问题,陈启银等[9][10][16][17]采用了微胶囊化技术。他们使用聚酰亚胺、丙烯酸树脂、醋酸纤维素和其他膜来微胶囊化活性剂。微胶囊化膜阻断了有机酸与金属表面的直接接触,避免金属被氧化,当焊接达到一定温度时,膜被破坏,有机酸被释放,达到焊接的目的。这样,处理过的助焊剂具有很强的助焊剂和防腐性,从而真正达到不清洗的目的。王伟科认为,酸和胺容易发生中和反应,但由于成膜剂的非极性保护作用,涂覆的活性材料仍然可以保持惰性,从而提高了助焊剂的性能。
2.可固化助焊剂在常见的无清洁助焊剂中,通常使用的成分在焊接过程中会挥发,但通常会有少量残留物,挥发对空气的影响更大。因此,为了实现无VOC的免清洗,出现了可固化助焊剂[18]-[20],它们在焊接过程中用作助焊剂,在加热和固化后用作焊接部件的增强材料。可固化助焊剂中含有酚羟基的树脂、固化树脂的固化剂和固化催化剂。
3.随着电子工业的不断发展,对助焊剂的性能要求也在不断提高。如前所述,助焊剂在PCB行业中起着极其重要的作用,它们的组件相互作用以实现各种功能。
从活化剂的角度来看,尽管活化剂的种类及其配制方法很多,但未来仍有更多新的活化剂可以探索。例如,在环境要求日益严格的背景下,开发能够有效去除氧化物且对环境影响较小的活化剂是一个方向。参考上述各种活化剂的作用机制,如有机酸和有机胺的组合使用方式,可以激励研究人员找到更多具有协同作用的成分组合。
。
在缓蚀剂方面,虽然苯骈三唑等缓蚀剂对铜板有很好的缓蚀作用,但对于其他金属材料,可能需要开发新的缓蚀剂。基于目前缓蚀剂的原理,根据不同金属的化学性质设计了更有针对性的缓蚀剂。
对于抗氧化剂,现有的酚类、抗坏血酸及其衍生物在防止焊料氧化方面起着重要作用。然而,随着焊接工艺的多样化,可能有必要开发能够在更极端的条件下(如高温、高湿度等)有效防止氧化的抗氧化剂。
微胶囊化方法和可固化助焊剂是目前提高其性能的有效手段通量在微胶囊化技术方面,可以进一步优化薄膜材料的选择和微胶囊化过程,以提高助焊剂的流动性和环保性。对于可固化助焊剂,研究人员可以探索更多类型的可固化组件,以满足不同焊接场景的需求。总之,助焊剂的开发需要综合考虑每个组件的功能优化和整体性能的提高,以满足电子行业不断变化的需求。
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content | '<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Flux is widely used in the PCB industry, and its quality is directly related to the entire production process and product quality of the electronics industry. With the implementation of RoHS and WEEE directives, lead-free has higher requirements for flux performance, flux has developed from the traditional rosin type to halogen-free, rosin-free, clean-free, and low solid content, and its composition has changed accordingly, and the interaction between various components makes the flux performance better.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:21.0pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">1、<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">The basic composition of flux <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">1.<a href="/Welding_Additives/86.html" target="_blank"><font color="#ff0000"> Flux</font></a>es at home and abroad are usually composed of activators, solvents, surfactants and special components, including corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, film-forming agents, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The role of each component of the flux There are oxides, dust and other dirt on the surface of the welded metal workpiece, which hinders the diffusion between the metal of the workpiece matrix and the solder in an atomic state, so the oxide must be removed to expose the clean metal matrix, but the atoms on the surface of the cleaned metal matrix will be oxidized immediately in the atmosphere, and the oxidation rate is faster at the welding temperature. Therefore, flux is added during the soldering process to assist in providing an oxide-free metal surface and to maintain these oxide-free surfaces until the solder is soldered to the metal surface. At the same time, with the help of the chemical action of the flux, it is combined with the oxide on the surface of the welded metal to form a liquid compound at the welding temperature, so that the metal atoms on the surface of the welded metal part and the atoms of the molten solder diffuse each other, so as to realize the soldering connection. During the soldering process, the flux also promotes solder flow and diffusion, affecting the balance of solder surface tension in the direction of solder diffusion by reducing surface unevenness.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In addition to chemical activity, the ideal flux should also have good thermal stability, adhesion, expansion force, electrolytic activity, environmental stability, chemical functional groups and their reaction properties, rheological properties, adaptability to general cleaning solutions and equipment, etc. The above effects of flux are achieved through the action of activators, solvents, surfactants and other components.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2. Mechanism of action of activator The main function of activator is to remove oxides on the surface of the pad and solder at the soldering temperature, and form a protective layer to prevent the substrate from oxidizing again, thereby improving the wettability between the solder and the pad. The components of flux activators generally include hydrogen, inorganic salts, acids and amines and their compound compositions. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">3. Hydrogen, inorganic salts Hydrogen and inorganic salts (such as stannous chloride, zinc chloride [1], ammonium chloride [2], etc.) use their reducing properties to react with oxides, such as hydrogen in gas fluxes, and the only residue after welding is water; In addition, the reduction of hydrogen can effectively remove oxides from the metal surface and convert oxides into water. MxOy</span>+<span lang="EN-US">yH₂ </span>=<span lang="EN-US">xM</span>+<span lang="EN-US">yH₂O</span>。<span lang="EN-US"> At the same time, hydrogen also provides a shielding gas to the metal surface, preventing re-oxidation of the metal surface before the welding is complete. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">4. Organic acids Acid active agents (such as halogenic acids, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids) are mainly due to the reaction of H⁺ and oxides, such as [3]: the carboxyl group and metal ions of organic acids remove the oxide film of pads and solder in the form of metal soap:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> CuO+2RCOOH→Cu(RCOO)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family:"Cambria Math"">₂</span><span lang="EN-US"> +H₂O </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Then the organic acid copper decomposes, absorbs hydrogen, and generates organic acid and metallic copper:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> Cu(RCOO).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family:"Cambria Math"">₂+H₂+M→2RCOOH+M-Cu Colophony is expressed as C₁₉H₂₉COOH by molecular formula, which has a certain fluxing effect at a certain temperature due to the presence of carboxyl groups; At the same time, rosin is a macromolecular polycyclic compound, which has a certain film-forming property, which transfers heat and plays a covering role in the welding process, which can protect the metal from being re-oxidized after removing the oxide film. Now there are single organic acids as activators, and mixed acids as activators. There is a certain difference in the boiling point and decomposition temperature of these acids, so that the boiling point of the </span><a href="/Welding_Additives/86.html" target="_blank"><font color="#ff0000">flux</font></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family:"Cambria Math"">and the decomposition temperature of the activator are distributed in a large range. </span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">5. Organic halides such as carboxylic acid halides, hydrohalides of organic amines. Zhang Yinxue [4] used bromide salicylic acid as the activator, which can thermally decompose hydrogen bromide and salicylic acid to dissolve oxides on the surface of the matrix metal at brazing temperature. In addition, the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of salicylic acid can react with JH resin to form a polymer resin film during brazing, covering the surface of the solder joint. Hydrohalides of organic amines, such as aniline hydrochloride, react with the copper of the substrate during soldering and produce CuC1₂ and copper complexes. The resulting copper compound mainly reacts with the tin in the molten solder to form metallic copper, which is immediately melted into the solder, and through these reactions and the melting of the copper in the solder, the solder is distributed on the copper plate. The reaction is as follows[5]: Cu+2C₆H₅NH₂</span>·<span lang="EN-US">HCl→CuCl₂</span>+<span lang="EN-US">2C₆H₅NH₂</span>+<span lang="EN-US">H₂ CuCl₂</span>+<span lang="EN-US">2C₆H₅NH₂</span>·<span lang="EN-US">HCl→Cu[C₆H₅NH₃]</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Cambria Math",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:"Cambria Math"">₂Cl₄</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">6. Organic amines and acids are used in the compound use of amino groups - NH₂ contained in organic amines themselves, and the addition of organic amines can improve the welding effect. In order to reduce the corrosive effect of the flux on the copper plate, a certain amount of corrosion inhibitor can be added to the formulated flux, and the corrosion inhibitor is usually organic amine. Organic acids and organic amines will be mixed with a neutralization reaction, the resulting neutralization products are unstable, and will quickly decompose at the welding temperature to regenerate organic acids and organic amines, so as to ensure the original activity of organic acids, and after welding, the remaining organic acids will be neutralized by organic amines, so that the acidity of the residue is reduced and corrosion is reduced. Therefore, the addition of organic amines not only adjusts the acidity of the flux, but also makes the solder joint shiny, minimizing post-solder corrosion without reducing flux activity [6]. At present, it is more appropriate to combine organic amines and organic acids with strong wetting ability. For example, Xue Shuman et al. introduced in the patent [7] with aliphatic dibasic acids, aromatic acids or amino acids as active ingredients of flux. In addition, the addition of a small amount of glycerol to the flux not only contributes to the storage stability of the flux, but also helps the activator to exert its activity. Zhang Mingling added dibromosuccinic acid, dibromobutene glycol, and dibromostyrene to the flux to enhance the activity of the flux [8]. Carboxylic acids (including dicarboxylic acids) are moderately active at low temperatures, and their high temperature activity is significantly improved. The higher activity is the hydrohalide or organic acid of organophosphate, sulfonic acid, organic amine (including hydrazine); The magnitude of the activity of halides and their substituted acids depends on their specific structure. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">7. Role of Other Ingredients Flux also contains many other useful ingredients. The main function of the solvent is to dissolve the components in the flux, as a carrier for each component, so that the flux becomes a uniform viscous liquid. Generally, alcohols, esters, alcohol ethers, hydrocarbons, ketones, etc. The alcohol with high boiling point has a good protective effect, but the viscosity is large and it is inconvenient to use; Alcohols with low boiling points have low viscosity but poor protection, so mixed alcohols can be considered [9][10]. Generally, it is a mixture of high boiling and low boiling point alcohols, and some use water-soluble alcohols and water-insoluble ethers as solvents [11]. Li Weihao used a water-soluble polymer with an overbranched structure and an average molecular weight of 2000 as the flux carrier, and the molecular configuration of hyperbranched polymer can not only increase the thermal decomposition temperature of the polymer, but also reduce the viscosity of the polymer and enhance the permeation and wetting properties of the polymer [12]. The main function of surfactant is to reduce the surface tension of the flux and increase the wetting of the flux to the solder powder and pad. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Compared with Sn-Pb (63 - 37), non-lead solders (such as SAC 3O5, etc.) have higher melting points, greater surface tension, long processing time at high temperatures, and large internal stresses generated during rapid cooling, so surfactants play a more prominent role in improving the reliability of non-lead solder solder interconnects. They can be nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, and fluorinated surfactants.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><img title="001" alt="001" src="/uploadfile/202411/03fd2d42bd9f83b.jpg"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p><br></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Corrosion inhibitors are generally pyrroles, such as benzotriazole (BTA), which is a highly effective corrosion inhibitor for copper, and its addition can inhibit the corrosion of copper plates by the active agent in the flux. Benzotriazole is thought to react with copper to form a precipitated film of insoluble polymer. According to chemical analysis and X-ray analysis, Wang Weike believes that the empirical formula of the membrane is BTA₄Cu₃Cl₂</span>·<span lang="EN-US">H₂O and (BTA₂Cu)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Cambria Math",serif; mso-bidi-font-family:"Cambria Math"">₂CuCl₂</span>·<span lang="EN-US">H₂O, and the surface of the polymer and the copper metal are parallel, which is very stable. BTA is easier to form on the Cu₂O layer than on the CuO layer, and the thickness of the film is nearly twice as thick. When the concentration of BTA is greater than l0⁻³mol/L, it can well inhibit the corrosion of copper [9]. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The main function of antioxidants is to prevent oxidation of solder, generally phenols (hydroquinone, catechol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol), ascorbic acid and its derivatives, etc. Especially in water-soluble fluxes, antioxidants are a must. F· J. Jasky added polynuclear aromatic compounds to the flux, which released N₂ when heated to form an inert atmosphere and prevent oxidation [13]. The film-forming agent selects hydrocarbons, alcohols and greases, which generally have good electrical properties, play the role of protective film at room temperature and are inactive, and show activity at the welding temperature of 200 °C ~ 300 °C, with the characteristics of no corrosion and moisture-proof.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">Surfactants play a significant role in improving the reliability of non-lead solder solder interconnects, and further high-performance surfactants for non-lead solders can be developed in the future. In view of the characteristics of different types of surfactants, it may be possible to develop surfactants with better wettability and lower surface tension through molecular design or composite use<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The main function of thixotropic agent is to give the solder paste a certain thixotropic performance, that is, the viscosity of the solder paste becomes smaller in the stressed state to facilitate the printing of the solder paste, and after printing, its viscosity increases in the state of no force to maintain the inherent shape and prevent the solder paste from collapsing. The main function of thickener (also known as tackifier) is to increase the viscosity of flux to give the solder paste a certain viscosity and facilitate the pasting of components to be soldered. Interfacial compound growth inhibitors: Intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are present in the alloy coating layer formed on the copper surface of the pads, and their composition and thickness determine the weldability of the assembly weld. For example, Cu₃Sn and Cu₆Sn₅ are formed in hot air leveling, the former has poor weldability, the latter has better weldability, and the most superficial solder layer is the best welding; In Sn-Pb (63 - 37), the thickness of its IMC is small due to the coverage of the eutectic alloy Sn/Pb; In non-lead solders, other metals (e.g., Ni or Co in SN100CL) are often added to affect the thickness of the IMC layer [14]; In flux, oxalic acid, 2-aminobenzoic acid, quinoline, quinoline-2-carboxylic acid, etc. are often added. These compounds can form an interfacial compound deposition layer at the interface between the solder and the substrate, which inhibits the atomic diffusion between the solder and the substrate, thereby hindering the growth of intermetallic compounds. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In terms of solvents, existing mixed alcohol methods are an effective solution, but as technology evolves, it may be necessary to find a more ideal solvent or combination of solvents. According to the current understanding of the role of solvents, the ideal solvent should ensure that the components are dissolved and the appropriate viscosity is provided, while also having better environmental protection and stability.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:21.0pt;mso-add-space:auto; text-indent:-21.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><span lang="EN-US">2、<span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-feature-settings: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ways to improve<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"> 1. Microencapsulation method In order to reduce the corrosive problem caused by the acidic substance of the active agent, Chen Qiyin et al. [9][10][16][17] used microencapsulation technology. They used polyimide, acrylic resin, cellulose acetate and other membranes to microencapsulate the active agent. The microencapsulated membrane blocks the direct contact between the organic acid and the metal surface to avoid the metal being oxidized, and when the welding reaches a certain temperature, the membrane is destroyed and the organic acid is released to achieve the purpose of welding. In this way, the treated flux has strong flux and non-corrosiveness, so as to truly achieve the purpose of no-cleaning. Wang Weike believes that acids and amines are prone to neutralization reactions, but due to the non-polar protective effect of the filmformer, the coated active material can still remain inert, thereby improving the performance of the flux. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">2. Curable flux In common no-clean fluxes, the components generally used are volatile during soldering, but there is usually a little residue, and the volatilization has more effects on the air. Therefore, in order to achieve VOC-free no-cleaning, curable fluxes [18] - [20] have emerged, which are used as fluxes during soldering and as reinforcing materials for soldering parts after heating and curing. Resins containing phenolic hydroxyl groups in curable fluxes, curing agents for curing resins, and curing catalysts. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">3. With the continuous development of the electronics industry, the performance requirements for fluxes are also continuously improving. As mentioned earlier, fluxes play an extremely important role in the PCB industry, where their components interact with each other to achieve a variety of functions.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">From the perspective of activators, although there are many types of activators and their compounding methods, more new activators can still be explored in the future. For example, in the context of increasingly stringent environmental requirements, the development of activators that can remove oxides efficiently and have a lower environmental impact is one direction. Referring to the mechanism of action of the various activators mentioned above, such as the way organic acids and organic amines are used in combination, can inspire researchers to find more combinations of ingredients with synergistic effects.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">In terms of corrosion inhibitors, although corrosion inhibitors like benzotriazole have a good corrosion inhibitor effect on copper plates, for other metal materials, new corrosion inhibitors may need to be developed. Based on the current principle of corrosion inhibitors, more targeted corrosion inhibitors are designed according to the chemical properties of different metals.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">For antioxidants, existing phenols, ascorbic acid and their derivatives play an important role in preventing oxidation of solders. However, with the diversification of welding processes, it may be necessary to develop antioxidants that can effectively prevent oxidation under more extreme conditions (e.g., high temperatures, high humidity, etc.).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">The microencapsulation method and curable flux are currently effective means to improve the performance of <a href="/Welding_Additives/86.html" target="_blank"><font color="#ff0000">flux</font></a>. In terms of microencapsulation technology, the selection of film materials and the process of microencapsulation can be further optimized to improve the fluxing and environmental friendliness of flux. For curable fluxes, researchers can explore more types of curable components to meet the needs of different soldering scenarios. In short, the development of flux needs to comprehensively consider the functional optimization of each component and the improvement of overall performance to meet the evolving needs of the electronics industry.<o:p></o:p></span></p>' |
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meta_title | ' lead-free solder paste, halogen-free solder paste, environmentally friendly solder paste, silver containi' |
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Autoloader.php | APPPATH/System/Autoloader/Autoloader.php |
BaiduTransApi.php | FCPATH/App/Synlang/Models/BaiduTransApi.php |
BaseBuilder.php | APPPATH/System/Database/BaseBuilder.php |
BaseCollector.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/BaseCollector.php |
BaseConfig.php | APPPATH/System/Config/BaseConfig.php |
BaseConnection.php | APPPATH/System/Database/BaseConnection.php |
BaseHandler.php | APPPATH/System/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php |
BaseResult.php | APPPATH/System/Database/BaseResult.php |
BaseService.php | APPPATH/System/Config/BaseService.php |
Builder.php | APPPATH/System/Database/MySQLi/Builder.php |
Cache.php | APPPATH/Config/Cache.php |
Cache.php | APPPATH/Extend/Cache.php |
Cache.php | FCPATH/App/Synlang/Models/Cache.php |
Cache.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Cache.php |
Cache.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Model/Cache.php |
CacheFactory.php | APPPATH/System/Cache/CacheFactory.php |
CacheInterface.php | APPPATH/System/Cache/CacheInterface.php |
Category.php | FCPATH/App/Module/Action/Category.php |
CliRenderer.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/CliRenderer.php |
CodeIgniter.php | APPPATH/Extend/CodeIgniter.php |
CodeIgniter.php | APPPATH/System/CodeIgniter.php |
Common.php | APPPATH/System/Common.php |
Config.php | APPPATH/System/Config/Config.php |
Config.php | APPPATH/System/Database/Config.php |
Connection.php | APPPATH/System/Database/MySQLi/Connection.php |
ConnectionInterface.php | APPPATH/System/Database/ConnectionInterface.php |
Constants.php | APPPATH/Config/Constants.php |
Content.php | FCPATH/App/Module/Models/Content.php |
Content.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Model/Content.php |
ContentSecurityPolicy.php | APPPATH/Config/ContentSecurityPolicy.php |
ContentSecurityPolicy.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php |
Controller.php | APPPATH/Extend/Controller.php |
Controller.php | APPPATH/System/Controller.php |
Database.php | APPPATH/Config/Database.php |
Database.php | APPPATH/System/Database/Database.php |
Database.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php |
Date.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Date.php |
DebugToolbar.php | APPPATH/System/Filters/DebugToolbar.php |
DotEnv.php | APPPATH/System/Config/DotEnv.php |
Editor.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Editor.php |
Events.php | APPPATH/Config/Events.php |
Events.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Events.php |
Events.php | APPPATH/System/Events/Events.php |
Exceptions.php | APPPATH/Config/Exceptions.php |
Exceptions.php | APPPATH/Extend/Exceptions.php |
Exceptions.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Exceptions.php |
Factories.php | APPPATH/System/Config/Factories.php |
Factory.php | APPPATH/System/Config/Factory.php |
Field.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Field.php |
File.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/File.php |
FileHandler.php | APPPATH/System/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php |
FileLocator.php | APPPATH/System/Autoloader/FileLocator.php |
Files.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php |
FilterInterface.php | APPPATH/System/Filters/FilterInterface.php |
Filters.php | APPPATH/Config/Filters.php |
Filters.php | APPPATH/System/Filters/Filters.php |
Filters.php | FCPATH/App/Module/Config/Filters.php |
Header.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/Header.php |
Helper.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Helper.php |
Hook.php | APPPATH/Extend/Hook.php |
Hooks.php | FCPATH/App/Bdts/Config/Hooks.php |
Hooks.php | FCPATH/App/Module/Config/Hooks.php |
Hooks.php | FCPATH/App/Synlang/Config/Hooks.php |
Hooks.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Hooks.php |
HtmlTranslator.php | FCPATH/App/Synlang/Models/HtmlTranslator.php |
IncomingRequest.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php |
Init.php | APPPATH/Init.php |
Init.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Init.php |
Input.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Input.php |
Kint.php | APPPATH/Config/Kint.php |
Kint.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/Kint.php |
Lang.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Lang.php |
Logger.php | APPPATH/Config/Logger.php |
Logger.php | APPPATH/System/Log/Logger.php |
LoggerInterface.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/PSR/Log/LoggerInterface.php |
Logs.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Logs.php |
Member.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Model/Member.php |
Message.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/Message.php |
MessageInterface.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/MessageInterface.php |
MessageTrait.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/MessageTrait.php |
Model.php | APPPATH/Extend/Model.php |
Model.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Model.php |
Module.php | FCPATH/App/Module/Extends/Home/Module.php |
Module_init.php | FCPATH/App/Module/Config/Module_init.php |
Modules.php | APPPATH/Config/Modules.php |
Modules.php | APPPATH/System/Modules/Modules.php |
Paths.php | APPPATH/Config/Paths.php |
Phpcmf.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Phpcmf.php |
Query.php | APPPATH/System/Database/Query.php |
QueryInterface.php | APPPATH/System/Database/QueryInterface.php |
Renderer.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/Renderer.php |
RendererInterface.php | APPPATH/System/View/RendererInterface.php |
Request.php | APPPATH/Extend/Request.php |
Request.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/Request.php |
RequestInterface.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/RequestInterface.php |
RequestTrait.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/RequestTrait.php |
Response.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/Response.php |
ResponseInterface.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/ResponseInterface.php |
ResponseTrait.php | APPPATH/System/API/ResponseTrait.php |
ResponseTrait.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/ResponseTrait.php |
Result.php | APPPATH/System/Database/MySQLi/Result.php |
ResultInterface.php | APPPATH/System/Database/ResultInterface.php |
RichRenderer.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/RichRenderer.php |
RouteCollection.php | APPPATH/System/Router/RouteCollection.php |
RouteCollectionInterface.php | APPPATH/System/Router/RouteCollectionInterface.php |
Router.php | APPPATH/System/Router/Router.php |
Router.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Router.php |
RouterInterface.php | APPPATH/System/Router/RouterInterface.php |
Routes.php | APPPATH/Config/Routes.php |
Routes.php | APPPATH/Extend/Routes.php |
Routes.php | APPPATH/System/Config/Routes.php |
Routes.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Routes.php |
Run.php | FCPATH/App/Module/Config/Run.php |
SaveDbAndCache.php | FCPATH/App/Synlang/Models/SaveDbAndCache.php |
Security.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Security.php |
Seo.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Library/Seo.php |
Service.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/Service.php |
Services.php | APPPATH/Config/Services.php |
Services.php | APPPATH/System/Config/Services.php |
Show.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Control/Show.php |
Text.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Text.php |
TextRenderer.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/Renderer/TextRenderer.php |
Textarea.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Field/Textarea.php |
Timer.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Timer.php |
Timers.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Timers.php |
Toolbar.php | APPPATH/Config/Toolbar.php |
Toolbar.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar.php |
URI.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/URI.php |
UserAgent.php | APPPATH/System/HTTP/UserAgent.php |
UserAgents.php | APPPATH/Config/UserAgents.php |
Utils.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/Utils.php |
Version.php | FCPATH/My/Config/Version.php |
View.php | APPPATH/Config/View.php |
View.php | APPPATH/Extend/View.php |
View.php | APPPATH/System/Config/View.php |
View.php | APPPATH/System/View/View.php |
View.php | FCPATH/Fcms/Core/View.php |
Views.php | APPPATH/System/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Views.php |
app_client.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/config/app_client.php |
app_client_seo.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/config/app_client_seo.php |
custom.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/config/custom.php |
database.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/config/database.php |
domain_app.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/config/domain_app.php |
domain_client.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/config/domain_client.php |
hooks.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/config/hooks.php |
index.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cn/index.php |
index.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/index.php |
init.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/init.php |
init_helpers.php | APPPATH/System/ThirdParty/Kint/init_helpers.php |
lang.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/api/language/zh-cn/lang.php |
rewrite.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/config/rewrite.php |
site.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/config/site.php |
system.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/config/system.php |
template_DS_pc_DS_default_DS_home_DS_footer.html.cache.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/template/template_DS_pc_DS_default_DS_home_DS_footer.html.cache.php |
template_DS_pc_DS_default_DS_home_DS_header.html.cache.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/template/template_DS_pc_DS_default_DS_home_DS_header.html.cache.php |
template_DS_pc_DS_default_DS_home_DS_show_news.html.cache.php | /www/wwwroot/49.235.147.58/cache/template/template_DS_pc_DS_default_DS_home_DS_show_news.html.cache.php |
url_helper.php | APPPATH/System/Helpers/url_helper.php |
File: | {file} |
App: | |
Controller: | show |
Method: | index |
URI: | show/index |
URL: | https://www.fgh-sz.com/cn/news/114.html |
Time | Event Name | Times Called |
---|---|---|
11.61 ms | pre_system | 1 |
0.13 ms | dbquery | 6 |
Action | Datetime | Status | Method | URL | Content-Type | Is AJAX? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2025-05-13 05:20:56 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:20:45 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:20:31 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:20:03 | 200 | GET | https://woqzycbfv8q.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:19:55 | 200 | GET | https://woqzycbfv8q.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | Yes | |
2025-05-13 05:19:17 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:18:08 | 200 | GET | https://smohllyofll.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:17:56 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:16:31 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:16:23 | 200 | GET | https://nyglx9jg5sj.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:15:53 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:11:36 | 200 | GET | https://woqzycbfv8q.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:10:37 | 200 | GET | https://woqzycbfv8q.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:06:47 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:06:02 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:05:18 | 200 | GET | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:02:10 | 200 | GET | https://fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:01:32 | 200 | GET | https://smohllyofll.fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:01:26 | 200 | GET | https://fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No | |
2025-05-13 05:00:36 | 200 | GET | https://fgh-sz.com/ | text/html; charset=UTF-8 | No |
Session doesn't seem to be active.
c | show |
id | 114 |
m | index |
Priority | u=0, i |
Accept-Encoding | gzip, deflate, br, zstd |
Sec-Fetch-Dest | document |
Sec-Fetch-User | ?1 |
Sec-Fetch-Mode | navigate |
Sec-Fetch-Site | none |
Accept | text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7 |
User-Agent | Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com) |
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests | 1 |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform | "Windows" |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile | ?0 |
Sec-Ch-Ua | "Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99" |
Cache-Control | no-cache |
Pragma | no-cache |
Host | www.fgh-sz.com |
Priority | u=0, i |
Accept-Encoding | gzip, deflate, br, zstd |
Sec-Fetch-Dest | document |
Sec-Fetch-User | ?1 |
Sec-Fetch-Mode | navigate |
Sec-Fetch-Site | none |
Accept | text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8,application/signed-exchange;v=b3;q=0.7 |
User-Agent | Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com) |
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests | 1 |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Platform | "Windows" |
Sec-Ch-Ua-Mobile | ?0 |
Sec-Ch-Ua | "Chromium";v="130", "HeadlessChrome";v="130", "Not?A_Brand";v="99" |
Cache-Control | no-cache |
Pragma | no-cache |
Host | www.fgh-sz.com |
CodeIgniter Version: | 4.2.0 |
PHP Version: | 7.4.33 |
PHP SAPI: | fpm-fcgi |
Environment: | development |
Base URL: | https://www.fgh-sz.com/ |
Timezone: | PRC |
Locale: | en |
Content Security Policy Enabled: | No |